在用戶注冊中最常見的安全驗證之一就是郵箱驗證。根據(jù)行業(yè)的一般做法,進行郵箱驗證是避免潛在的安全隱患一種非常重要的做法,現(xiàn)在就讓我們來討論一下這些最佳實踐,來看看如何在PHP中創(chuàng)建一個郵箱驗證。
讓我們先從一個注冊表單開始:
<form method="post" action="http://mydomain.com/registration/">
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="fname">First Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="fname" class="form-control" required />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="lname">Last Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="lname" class="form-control" required />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="email">Last name:</label>
<input type="email" name="email" class="form-control" required />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" name="password" class="form-control" required />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="cpassword">Confirm Password:</label>
<input type="password" name="cpassword" class="form-control" required />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn">Register</button>
</fieldset>
</form>
接下來是數(shù)據(jù)庫的表結(jié)構(gòu):
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `user` (
`id` INT(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
`fname` VARCHAR(255) ,
`lname` VARCHAR(255) ,
`email` VARCHAR(50) ,
`password` VARCHAR(50) ,
`is_active` INT(1) DEFAULT '0',
`verify_token` VARCHAR(255) ,
`created_at` TIMESTAMP,
`updated_at` TIMESTAMP,
);
一旦這個表單被提交了,我們就需要驗證用戶的輸入并且創(chuàng)建一個新用戶:
// Validation rules
$rules = array(
'fname' => 'required|max:255',
'lname' => 'required|max:255',
'email' => 'required',
'password' => 'required|min:6|max:20',
'cpassword' => 'same:password'
);
$validator = Validator::make(Input::all(), $rules);
// If input not valid, go back to registration page
if($validator->fails()) {
return Redirect::to('registration')->with('error', $validator->messages()->first())->withInput();
}
$user = new User();
$user->fname = Input::get('fname');
$user->lname = Input::get('lname');
$user->password = Input::get('password');
// You will generate the verification code here and save it to the database
// Save user to the database
if(!$user->save()) {
// If unable to write to database for any reason, show the error
return Redirect::to('registration')->with('error', 'Unable to write to database at this time. Please try again later.')->withInput();
}
// User is created and saved to database
// Verification e-mail will be sent here
// Go back to registration page and show the success message
return Redirect::to('registration')->with('success', 'You have successfully created an account. The verification link has been sent to e-mail address you have provided. Please click on that link to activate your account.');
注冊之后,用戶的賬戶仍然是無效的直到用戶的郵箱被驗證。此功能確認用戶是輸入電子郵件地址的所有者,并有助于防止垃圾郵件以及未經(jīng)授權(quán)的電子郵件使用和信息泄露。
整個流程是非常簡單的——當一個新用戶被創(chuàng)建時,在注冊過過程中,一封包含驗證鏈接的郵件便會被發(fā)送到用戶填寫的郵箱地址中。在用戶點擊郵箱驗證鏈接和確認郵箱地址之前,用戶是不能進行登錄和使用網(wǎng)站應(yīng)用的。
關(guān)于驗證的鏈接有幾件事情是需要注意的。驗證的鏈接需要包含一個隨機生成的token,這個token應(yīng)該足夠長并且只在一段時間段內(nèi)是有效的,這樣做的方法是為了防止網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。同時,郵箱驗證中也需要包含用戶的唯一標識,這樣就可以避免那些攻擊多用戶的潛在危險。
現(xiàn)在讓我們來看看在實踐中如何生成一個驗證鏈接:
// We will generate a random 32 alphanumeric string
// It is almost impossible to brute-force this key space
$code = str_random(32);
$user->confirmation_code = $code;
一旦這個驗證被創(chuàng)建就把他存儲到數(shù)據(jù)庫中,發(fā)送給用戶:
Mail::send('emails.email-confirmation', array('code' => $code, 'id' => $user->id), function($message)
{
$message->from('my@domain.com', 'Mydomain.com')->to($user->email, $user->fname . ' ' . $user->lname)->subject('Mydomain.com: E-mail confirmation');
});
郵箱驗證的內(nèi)容:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p style="margin:0">
Please confirm your e-mail address by clicking the following link:
<a href="http://mydomain.com/verify?code=<?php echo $code; ?>&user=<?php echo $id; ?>"></a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
現(xiàn)在讓我們來驗證一下它是否可行:
$user = User::where('id', '=', Input::get('user'))
->where('is_active', '=', 0)
->where('verify_token', '=', Input::get('code'))
->where('created_at', '>=', time() - (86400 * 2))
->first();
if($user) {
$user->verify_token = null;
$user->is_active = 1;
if(!$user->save()) {
// If unable to write to database for any reason, show the error
return Redirect::to('verify')->with('error', 'Unable to connect to database at this time. Please try again later.');
}
// Show the success message
return Redirect::to('verify')->with('success', 'You account is now active. Thank you.');
}
// Code not valid, show error message
return Redirect::to('verify')->with('error', 'Verification code not valid.');
結(jié)論:
上面展示的代碼只是一個教程示例,并且沒有通過足夠的測試。在你的web應(yīng)用中使用的時候請先測試一下。上面的代碼是在Laravel框架中完成的,但是你可以很輕松的把它遷移到其他的PHP框架中。同時,驗證鏈接的有效時間為48小時,之后就過期。引入一個工作隊列就可以很好的及時處理那些已經(jīng)過期的驗證鏈接。