看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也”所對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)代文，對合同英語的結(jié)構(gòu)和特色也有了大概的了解。值得一看。Contract 與 Agreement的有無區(qū)別在英語中，合同一般稱為Contract，協(xié)議一般稱為Agreement。何謂“contract”?

1999年中國《合同法》第二條對contract定義為： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing,modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is,

between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根據(jù)這一定義，合同平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。

Steven H. Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中將contract 定義為“contract is a promise, or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize asa duty.”根據(jù)這一定義，合同是一種承諾，違反承諾可以得到法律救助，某種意義上法律將履行該承諾看做是一種補償。L.B Curzon 在其編撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”給contract的定義：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根據(jù)這一定義，合同就是有法律約束力的協(xié)議。綜合起來，有一個相同點，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可將合同說成是“An agreement which binds the partiesconcerned”或者說合同說成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”， 也可以說：Contracts are promises thatthe law will enforce。

何謂“Agreement”?

L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done orto be done.”

根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議是對已經(jīng)做或準備做的相關(guān)事宜，經(jīng)過談判、協(xié)商后取得一致意見，以口頭或書面形式做出的約定。Black "Law Dictionary"有兩個定義。一個是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more partieswith respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議即雙方或多方京某些過去或?qū)砟承┦聦嵉南嚓P(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)的履行而達成的一致理解和愿望。

另一個是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right orbenefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議即兩個或多個當事人，為了約定單方責(zé)任或相互責(zé)任，就財產(chǎn)權(quán)利、利益的轉(zhuǎn)移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(協(xié)議)是不是可以互換呢? ，合同的成立必須具備幾個主要因素。它們(要約和承諾構(gòu)成的)協(xié)議、約因、設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。L.B Curzon編著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”

1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要約和絕對接受)

2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致， 也叫meeting of minds)

3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同關(guān)系的意愿)

4. genuineness of consent (同意的真實性)

5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同當事人的締約能力)

6. legality of object(標的物的合法性)

7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)

8. certainty of terms(條款的確定性)

9. valuable consideration(等價有償)

Black 'Law Dictionary" 中解釋道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term,e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即“協(xié)議”和“合同”經(jīng)常用作同義詞，但“協(xié)議”這一術(shù)語含義更廣，例如協(xié)議可能缺乏合同的必備條款(essential

clauses/provisions)。

實際使用當中，協(xié)議可不受必備條款的限制，而稱為合同的文體肯定少不了必備條款，有的合同將其單列，稱為一般條款(General provisions)。 ，

1999中國《合同法》第十二條規(guī)定了八項一般條款，分別是：

1. title or name and domicile of the parities(當事人的名稱或姓名和住址)

2. contract object(標的)

3. quantity(數(shù)量)

4. quality(質(zhì)量)

5. price or remuneration(價款或者報酬)

6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地點和方式)

7. liability for breach of contract(違約責(zé)任)

8. methods to settle disputes (解決爭議的方法)

上述解釋說明，contract(合同)和agreement(協(xié)議)的概念雖然接近，但使用范圍不同，不能互換使用。合同是協(xié)議的重要組成部分，所有合同一定是協(xié)議，而協(xié)議不見得都是合同?？梢哉f具備合同成立要求的具有強制執(zhí)行力的協(xié)議才是合同。